List of Infectious Disease

Infectious diseases, also known as communicable diseases, contagious diseases or transmissible diseases comprise clinically evident illness. "Health is wealth" this is a very common saying and it is so true. If we do not have health then there is no use in possessing wealth. Knowledge about anything is never a waste and especially about health and the various health diseases. This health information knowledge will let help you in protect yourself as well your friends and neighbors. It is important to know the common types of health diseases and their basic cure. Today, everyday we hear about a new disease attacking the city through epidemics. Millions of people all around the world die because of certain disease even before its medicine is invented or discovered.

Before knowing about the common types of health diseases, we must know about disease. 'Disease' has been defined in many ways but the most commonly accepted one is that "disease is a condition in which the body's normal functioning is affected". It is also said that when a person is affected to any disease then he or she is not just physically disturbed but also mentally and socially.

There are many types of diseases. You can classify them either according to the ways they are spread or according to the cause of their spreading.

Some of the common types of health diseases are:

-    Infectious disease: These types of disease are caused due to microorganisms. These organisms can enter into your body via many different ways. Unhygienic food, water, polluted air are some of the ways through which they can enter your body. Infectious diseases can further be divide into the following ways:

-    Parasitic disease
-    Bacterial disease
-    Viral disease
-    Fungal disease
-       journal of infectious diseases
-       Infectious diseases
-       Lancet infectious diseases
-       Clinical infectious diseases

-    Contagious disease: These diseases are transferred from one person to another through food, water or physical contact. An unhealthy person can pass his or her disease to a healthy person. If a person is coughing and you happen to touch even a drop of the fluid or his hands then you are susceptible to be infected to this disease. That is the reason why doctors suggest relatives and friends to stay away from the patient. One example of contagious disease is swine flu.

-    Genetic disease: Genetic diseases are caused due to the faults or disarrangement in our genes. There is no cure for genetic disease, as these diseases are inborn. You can find out whether the child will have any genetic disease when he or she is in the womb.

-    Hypo or hyper disease: Some diseases are caused due to the deficiency or over intake of certain foods in the body. If you eat excess of vitamin c then your face will turn pale or if you do not take enough of vitamin A then you might fall prey to night blindness.

-    Sexual disease: Some diseases are transferred due to sexual intercourse with multiple partners. Body fluids, which are passed into one another's body during sex, cause these diseases. Through mechanical barriers, you can avoid these diseases. Some are curable while some are not. AIDS is an example of this type of disease.

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Infectious Diseases

There are statistics to show that there is great evidence that non infectious diseases are quite a big cause of death. It is possible to get a non infectious disease though inherited means. It is not possible to catch a non infectious disease so that is a good thing.

Other ways non infectious diseases can be caught is by living unhealthy and having an unhealthy diet. It is also possible to get a non infectious disease thought natural aging.

There are a number of different illnesses that can be inherited. There are some illnesses that can start as early as at birth, the common term for these are congenital, but these types of illness are not usually noticed until a person gets older in life.

It has been calculated that there are up to 200 babies that are born, which will have a damaged or even a missing chromosome. Missing a chromosome in some cases can be the cause of illnesses such as down syndrome, so can be quite serious in some cases. A missing chromosome can even cause a rare mental handicap condition, which can also include a cat like cry, because of a of the ability to only develop a small larynx.

There are a number of disease that can be inherited because of genes, such as albinism, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis. If these are not looked at early some may even develop into something more serious. such as brain damage. Fortunately because of this babies are usually tested routinely, and if anything is wrong the baby can be treated by modifying there diet.

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The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectiology and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists.

An infectious disease team may be alerted when:
-   The disease has not been definitively diagnosed after an initial workup.
-   The patient is immunocompromised (for example, in AIDS or after chemotherapy).
-   The infectious agent is of an uncommon nature (e.g. tropical diseases).
-   The disease has not responded to first line antibiotics.
-   The disease might be dangerous to other patients, and the patient might have to be isolated

Some reasons advocate the staging laparoscopy in gastric cancer treatment.

Because of the natural progression of this illness the risk of finding peritoneal implants (M1 illness) at the time of laparotomy is 25-37% after an otherwise, unremarkable CT scan.Thinking about the fact that few patients with M1 illness actually create surgical bleeding or significant gastric outlet obstruction prior to death a powerful argument can be made for laparoscoping all patients with advanced gastric cancer.

Moreover in order to pick patients that will most likely benefit from neoadjuvant treatment, distant metastases must be ruled out preoperatively. In the neoadjuvant treatment setting, staging must correctly identify (1) incurable tumors with distant metastatic illness and (2) high-risk tumors with serosal infiltration. Patients with stage M1 gastric cancer have no significant chance of cure, and ought to be offered some type of palliative therapy .
If the patient is due to get preoperative chemotherapy LUS is used to choose the extent of stomach wall invasion and lymph node involvement prior to treatment. These procedures identify patients with locally advanced illness (serosal invasion or obvious nodal metastases) that are at high risk for local recurrence and candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy trials.

Determining the pretreatment T stage is important since it is of prognostic value, and more basically verified than N stage. For T1 gastric cancers, resection alone is regarded as the treatment of choice. In T3 cancer the risk of recurrence is high and trials of neoadjuvant chemotherapy can clearly be justified. For T2 tumors decisions regarding investigational treatment may need further refinement: tumors confined to the muscularis propria, have better survival than tumors invading the subserosa. Published reports to date support the combined use of EUS or LUS as the most correct methods to assess T stage ( 2 ).

In the Yano's study only patients with T3 or T4 tumors were enrolled.With the advanced gastric cancer important findings that decide the operative indication are an unresectable T4 tumor, paraaortic node metastasis, and peritoneal dissemination. An unresectable T4 lesion and paraaortic node metastasis can be diagnosed by dynamic CT.Surgical laparoscopy offers high accuracy for detecting intraabdominal small metastases. Laparoscopic inspection is better than macroscopic examination under open laparotomy for several reasons. The subphrenic space and Douglas pouch, where peritoneal metastasis is often observed but direct observation under laparotomy misses small metastatic nodules, can be observed by laparoscopy depending on the magnifying power. Therefore, staging laparoscopy ought to be performed for patients at high risk for peritoneal metastasis, such as patients with type 4 tumors, undifferentiated tumors, or tumors in over three regions.
Several studies showed that preoperative chemotherapy induced down-staging of the disease and resulted in a higher healing resection rate for surgically staged unresectable cancer. Correct staging is necessary in advanced cases not only to settle on neoadjuvant treatment but also on whether to proceed with salvage surgical procedure after neoadjuvant treatment. A second staging laparoscopy effectively determined whether patients ought to undergo salvage surgical procedure after neoadjuvant therapy, in cases where peritoneal metastasis was the only reason for noncurability.
Staging laparoscopy also makes it feasible to perform abdominal lavage for cytologic, immunohistochemical, or molecular biologic detection of intraabdominal free cancer cells. The positive cytology of free cancer cells in the abdominal lavage liquid is an independent prognostic factor for T2 & T3/4 patients with no apparent
peritoneal seeding in the coursework of surgical procedure. Recent work with immunohistochemical staining suggests that patients with intraabdominal free cancer cells are at high risk for later diffuse metastasis. Evaluation of free tumor cells or tumor markers in the lavage liquid is a clue to detecting invisible peritoneal micrometastasis. Cancer Treatment planning for patients with positive cytology ought to be determined in future trials ( 3 ).

Siewert affirms that beyond any doubt surgical laparoscopy constitutes a step forward in surgical methodologies and contributes to improved preoperative staging, for peritoneal carcinomatosis. It ought to be used if therapeutic benefits can be gained, as is true for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Otherwise, benefits and risks must be evaluated carefully. Irresponsible usage of surgical laparoscopy is not beneficial for the doctor or for the patient.In fact in addition to the morbidity and mortality related to surgical procedures, dissemination of tumor cells as a consequence of biopsies or other tumor manipulations could occur. Port-site metastases following diagnostic laparoscopy have been well described in the literature ( 4 ).

Luis F. Onate-Ocana et al define a three group staging method: stage I, no serosal involvement; stage II, serosal involvement; stage III, adjoining organ invasion; & stage IV, distant disease found at laparoscopy.The proposed staging method is a simplification of the TNM staging & is not intended to be a substitute. It ought to be regarde as a tool for the choice of the best therapeutic option for the specific patient & also for pretherapeutic stratification of risk factors in the setting of new randomised clinical trials ( 5, 6 ).

Rosin et al. define important technical aspects regarding diagnostic laparoscopy. The first controversial issue is its timing: it can be a separate procedure, or performed immediately before the planned healing surgical procedure. Another unresolved debate is the extent of the procedure: it ranges from inspection only, with biopsy of suspicious lesions, to extensive dissection, use of LUS, and peritoneal citology sampling ( 7 ).

Asbestosis and Symptoms

Asbestosis

It often takes years of exposure for asbestosis to surface but it can quickly worsen,  if exposure continues.Basically put, asbestosis is a breathing disorder caused by inhaling high levels of asbestos.  The buildup of these fibers in the lungs causes scarring of lung tissue & makes it difficult to breathe.

Who Gets Asbestosis?

Those at the highest risk for developing the disorder probably worked with asbestos or asbestos-containing products on a every day basis for at least 8 to 10 years.Miners may create the disorder in less time.

Asbestosis is  always job-related & plenty of of the victims are older individuals who were exposed to asbestos at work before the United States began to regulate its use in the mid-1970s.  This naturally-mined material was used extensively in the construction & manufacturing businesses,  as pipe insulation, in fire-retardant materials, as floor & ceiling tiles, & in brake & clutch linings.

Symptoms

Shortness of breath
Decreased tolerance for physical activity
Coughing
Chest pain
Finger clubbing, in some cases
Diagnosis

When thinking about a diagnosis of asbestosis, your doctor will probably inquire as to your exposure to asbestos.  He/she may also ask whether any fellow employees have been affected by the disease.  Your doctor may then order tests to confirm the diagnosis, including pulmonary function tests, CT scans, and chest x-rays.

When destroy and scarring caused by inhaled asbestos fibers lead to stiffness in your lung tissue so that your lungs cannot contract and expand normally, you will start experience symptoms of the disorder, which may include:

Treatment
The affects of asbestosis cannot be reversed but progression can be halted and symptoms treated.  Above all us, further exposure to the toxic material ought to be eliminated.  If you smoke, it's necessary to cease immediately.  Doctors may also treat you with medications that expand or relax blood vessels, and/or blood-thinners that prevent blood clots from forming and obstructing narrowed vessels.

Asbestos Lung Cancer

Asbestos is the name given to a fibrous mineral present in ore-bearing rock mined from an open pit or an underground mine. Asbestos is a group of naturally occurring fibrous minerals. The fibres can be breathed in to the lungs where they stay for plenty of years. These minerals, present in soil and rocks in plenty of parts of the world, are made of magnesium, silicon, and other elements. Some asbestos fibers are curly (or "serpentine"). The most common asbestos in industrial use, known as chrysotile, or white asbestos, has curly fibers. Other asbestos fibers are straight and needle-like (or "amphibole"). These include amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite. Asbestos fibers are resistant to heat and plenty of chemicals. As a result, asbestos has been used as an insulating material since ancient times. Since the industrial revolution, asbestos was used to insulate factories, schools, homes, and ships, to make automobile brake and clutch parts, roofing shingles, ceiling and floor tiles, cement, and textiles, and hundreds of other products. Asbestos was a common building material, but now they know that long term exposure to this mineral may cause illnesses like cancer. These substances form fibers with varying shapes and sizes and are found throughout the earth. There are three often obtainable types of asbestos; chrysotile (white asbestos), amosite (brown asbestos), and crocidolite (blue asbestos). All three have been associated with cancerous and non-cancerous lung illness.

The most common way for asbestos fibers to enter the body is through breathing. In fact, asbestos containing material isn't usually thought about to be harmful unless it is releasing dust or fibers in to the air where they can be inhaled or ingested. Lots of of the fibers will become trapped in the mucous membranes of the nose & throat where they can then be removed, but some may pass deep in to the lungs, or, if swallowed, in to the digestive tract. One time they are trapped in the body, the fibers may cause health issues. The most serious hazard of exposure to asbestos is cancer, & it takes less exposure to asbestos to cause cancer than to cause asbestosis. Three kinds of cancer are  strongly related to asbestos: lung cancer & mesothelioma. In addition, asbestos also causes cancer of the throat, stomach, esophagus, & bowel. Lung cancer caused by asbestos exposure is the same kind of cancer as that caused by smoking. It is hard to diagnose early, it spreads quickly, & can seldom be cured.

Exposure to asbestos is unlikely to cause any short term (acute) effects beyond irritation of the nose or throat. It is the long-term (chronic) effects that are debilitating & deadly. Every kind of asbestos causes cancer, & every kind of asbestos may cause asbestosis. People are exposed to asbestos chiefly through inhalation of fibers in the air they breathe. This may occur in the course of mining & processing of asbestos, in the course of the production of asbestos-containing products, or in the course of the installation of asbestos insulation. It may also occur when older asbestos-containing materials start to break down. In any of these situations, asbestos fibers tend to generate a dust composed of small particles that can float in the air. In addition, asbestos can enter the body through ingestion. This may occur when people consume contaminated food or liquids (such as water that flows through asbestos cement pipes). It may also occur when people cough up asbestos they have inhaled, then swallow their saliva. Lots of people are exposed to  low levels of naturally occurring asbestos in outdoor air due to erosion of asbestos-bearing rocks. Relatives members of asbestos workers are also potentially exposed to higher levels of asbestos because the fibers are carried home on the workers' clothing, & can then be inhaled by others in the household. Inhalation of asbestos fibers has been proven to cause lung cancer.

Lung cancer in asbestos-exposed & unexposed individuals is similar in both the type of cancer & its signs & signs. The link between cigarette smoking, asbestos & cancer of the lung itself does not apply to cancer of the lining of the lung (see malignant mesothelioma section below). Diagnosis & treatment of lung cancer is a complex topic & a pulmonary specialist ought to be involved in the workup of a suspected lung cancer. Exposure to asbestos fibers, either at home or in the workplace, is also thought about a risk factor for lung cancer. Studies show that compared to the general population, asbestos workers are three times more likely to die from lung cancer. Asbestos workers who smoke increase their risk of getting lung cancer by 50-100 times. The risk of asbestos-related abnormalities & sickness usually increases with increasing levels of exposure. This dose-response relationship is less clear for mesothelioma, where even short-term occupational exposures or secondary household exposures (e.g., household contacts of asbestos workers) have been associated with the occurrence of this malignancy. As asbestos exposures have declined in the workplace due to regulatory control, cases of extreme interstitial sickness have also decreased. Mesothelioma is a speedy spreading cancer that is  always caused by exposure to asbestos. It can take 30 or 40 years after exposure to create. Mesothelioma usually starts in the membrane that wraps around the lungs, called the pleura. The cancer cells cause a build-up of fluid between the pleura & the lungs, which in turn causes pressure on the lungs. The signs are shortness of breath & a dry, painful cough. The cancer may finally grow in to the chest wall. Often times, the cancer can create in the lining of the abdomen, the membranes of the heart or reproductive organs. Among lots of recently screened cohorts, pleural changes are more prevalent than interstitial changes. There is small proof that general environmental exposures are associated with significant sickness except in several regions of the world with endemic mesothelioma due to exposures from naturally-occurring deposits of asbestos.

Lung cancer causes the largest number of deaths related to asbestos exposure. The incidence of lung cancer in individuals who are directly involved in the mining, milling, manufacturing & use of asbestos & its products is much higher than in the general population. The most common signs of lung cancer are coughing & a alter in breathing. Other signs include shortness of breath, persistent chest pains, hoarseness, & anemia. The association between lung cancer & asbestos exposure is now well established. In the case of smokers who have had significant asbestos exposure, the risk of lung cancer is extraordinarily high. Lung cancer in asbestos exposed workers is thought to occur at a slightly earlier age than other lung cancers & are more common in the lower lobes.